Describe the Business Ethics For History Of Zara- Lecture Notes

Question: Portray about the Business Ethics for History of Zara? Answer: History of Zara Zara is a retail leader store of the Inditex gathering, and is accounted for to be the biggest clothing retailer comprehensively. Zara is a Spanish dress organization which was built up in the year 1975. This is an organization, which don't have confidence in making very good quality promoting efforts however make it a point to present and open new stores round the world. There are in excess of 2000 stores opened by Zara universally with joining the best style drifts each year. The organization is required to dispatch about 12,000 new structures on a normal. Zara follows the one of a kind procedure of making new style so as to contend in the market. The organization has picked up the upper hand throughout the years effectively. Be that as it may, in such manner it is essential to take note of the way that the organization has been a piece of barely any deceptive practices towards the specialist. This has hampered the matter of the organization to a specific breaking point. The flexib ly chain the executives of the organization has been very significant to manage the issues of deceptive conduct towards the laborers successfully. This is one of the organizations, which is into apparel and popular mold yet have changed the dressing line alongside embellishments round the world (Zikmund et al. 2012). Exploitative conduct of Zara Zara has been blamed for demonstrating deceptive conduct towards the laborers. In a large portion of the cases, the organization has managed subordinate laborers with heaps of allegations against the satisfaction of the duties towards the laborers by the organization. In Argentina, the organization has been claimed of keeping the laborers in rough shape (Bunge, 2012). The organization has held onto the official archives of the laborers and they were not permitted to move unreservedly without the consent of the organization. The laborers were not enrolled and Zara neglected to meet the responsibilities they have made to the laborers. Adults as well as youngsters who have been utilized as the laborers who were migrants to the organization. They had to work for over 13 hours per day. In the Buenos Aires plant, the laborers worked in rough shape as well as in corrupting condition of work. Zara identifies with exploitative method of creation in Bangladesh simultaneously. They make the lab orers work for extended periods of time in vomited condition where the state of the ladies is unstable. This is a significant issue raised by columnists round the world with respect to the torment that couple of individuals faces behind the high road style brand of Spain (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). Zara is likewise connected with unscrupulous method of carrying on with the laborers of Sao Paulo production line. The majority of the reports guaranteed of safeguarding 15 workers from the organization. 14 Bolivians and 1 Peruvian was found to work in the untrustworthy condition being settlers to the nation. The unhygienic condition wherein the specialist needed to work was pitiable out of which 1 worker is of 14 years old in particular. In Brazil, the lowest pay permitted by law incorporates $344. Despite what might be expected, the laborers needed to labor for 12 hours every day with wage between the scopes of $156 to $290. Zara has been under the claim of unapproved redistributing. The pledge to the laborers was to have a superior possibility in Brazil, which the organization flopped generally (Becker, 2012). The representatives had to be slaves with further decrease in their wages for the part of heading out to Brazil and their average cost for basic items. This turned the state of the laborers ghastly as they starved and couldn't move without the assent of the power. The organization has taken hardly any undertakings in understanding to the law alongside the remuneration to the influenced. In any case, reports demonstrate the organization to be a piece of untrustworthy work conduct over and over. Impression of moral norms of Zara The vast majority of the organizations have managing gracefully chain the executives viably alongside the usage of five classifications, which incorporates condition, creatures, individuals, item and legislative issues. The impression of the moral gauges of an organization like Zara has been demonstrated empty various occasions. The arrangements and the working norms of the organization has been basic and against the desire expected by various control associations or laborers round the world. Aside from this, the organization has been a significant disappointment in not many of the items, which hurt the affectability of purchasers round the world (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2014). The items hurt the opinion of the purchasers because of the message, which is proposed by the items. In the year, 2014 Zara propelled a tee shirt for the youngsters, which has an impersonation if the dresses of the holocaust camp uniform. There were number of issues and contentions identified with the exploitative act of harming the suppositions of the purchasers. This is to a great extent dependent on the thoughts, which probably won't be acknowledged by numerous individuals of the clients all around. Aside from this, the organization has been engaged with making of an accessory, which speaks to bigotry (Shrader-Frechette, 2012). Items like these have making issues in the brains of the clients with respect to the separation made by Zara. The organization to a great extent came up short on the gathering the moral gauges and fizzled in the guarantees. The end goal of the organization has been incapable. The gracefully chain the executives of the organization is viable yet the organization does not have the straightforwardness anticipated from the review (Audi, 2012). Aside from this, the organization comes up short on the commitment of the partners proficiently. The obligation showered on the organization like Zara isn't done unmistakably as the organization attempts to prevent the reviewing. The organization has worldwide nearness and dependent on a similar thought the organization needs to oblige the requirements of the laborers universally. Notwithstanding, the work assurance organizations discovered specialists in basic condition, which expresses that the organization flopped to a great extent in straightforward reviewing. The partners of the organization are now and again not mindful of the unscrupulous methods, w hich influences the long queue creation of the organization. The impression of the standard express the organization doesn't have legitimate observing procedure. One the opposite it may said that the organization don't have the inception of legitimate reconnaissance intentionally (Hauk, 2012). Impact of authority A large number of the notable organizations have the laborers who admire their pioneers so as to get the best in the organization. At the end of the day, they attempt to copy the pioneers. Comparable is the situation of Zara as the greater part of the workers feel the notoriety of the organization as opposed to finding and understanding the escape clauses of the organization. The authority style of the organization might be arranged under two viewpoints. The first incorporates participative. So as to make the design and to set out e most recent patterns the majority of the representatives of the association work adequately. They take an interest in directing the structures and the materials utilized for the articles of clothing and the frill. In any case, in the event of the laborers who work in the processing plants to deliver the product offering face the significant issue (De George, 2012). They don't get the help from the specialists by any stretch of the imagination. They can't partake simultaneously and don't state in the majority of the issues which they face in their industrial facility and work environment zone. The laborers are abused to work for extended periods of time and are a greater amount of less confined in the industrial facilities. The cooperation is substantially less and they have next to no say in the whole procedure of creation. The following kind of authority followed by the organization incorporates transformational. For this situation, the troughs or the group screen the laborers and coordinate them to shape a specific group. This aides in the improvement of the procedure rousing the representatives to do the work effectively. Be that as it may, if there should arise an occurrence of the migrant specialists in the manufacturing plant the circumstance is totally extraordinary. The greater part of the laborers face the issue of working in pathetic, unhygienic condition, which isn't reasonable according to the moral measures. In such case, the inspiration from the top of the line authorities and the transformational initiative is to a great extent missing. In such manner, it is imperative to make reference to that the majority of the organization in the more significant levels has the checking and the motivation to create better alongside appropriate gauges (Guffey Loewy, 2012). Actually, in the event of the migrant specialists the circumstance is inverse. They don't have the norm or the asset. They are powers to work under tension with pretty much the maintenance of subjection. The job of the pioneers for this situation is to remove the most from the laborers and adventure their condition. The abuse depends on the most extreme extraction from the foreigners. Social obligation reaction Zara has been one of the organizations, which needs to control and kill hardly any viewpoints, which incorporates the accompanying:- Constrained work Separation Kid work Cleanliness and security Misuse or barbaric treatment Opportunity of affiliation and aggregate dealing Installment of pay Normal work Natural duty Working hours Zara has been viable piece of various techniques, which has been ideal to serve the organization. In actuality, on the human rights ground the organization has flopped to a great extent in light of the segregation, which the organization appeared towards the settlers. It is the duty of CRS to construct the correct plan of action, which glances in to the advantage of the organization alongside the biological supportability (Rutherford et al. 2012). Zara is an organization, which make their line of attire dependent on three thoughts fundamental, quick and occasional. Nonetheless, if there should be an occurrence of making or replicating new plans the organization takes limit of 15 days time. The organization attempts to consolidate top of the line innovation for the creation procedure. This aides in the diverting of the whole line of attire with the usage of innovation. Be that as it may, underneath the utilization of innovation the state of the laborers in the production lines is in d anger. If there should be an occurrence of presenting the quick line o

Keeping History Alive

He accepts that nobody thinks about this spot was previously the best human advancement between the treats of Mexico and the North America Attic, nor do they appear to understand that it was America's first city since they manufactured a thruway right tossed the center of it cool as a cucumber. Glen is plainly vexed that Iacocca, being an incredible accomplishment by the Indians, doesn't have the prominence and regard that Macho Fichu does today. Hodges gives numerous guides to back up his feeling. He discusses the primary individual to compose an itemized account ofCassia's hills, Henry Bracketing. Auxiliary source Henry composed that he was astounded at the size of the hills. He did anyway whine that his revelation was generally overlooked when placed in the paper to his companion, previous President Thomas Jefferson. Americans as of now couldn't have cared less about the Indians and there history. Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830 early communicated that. He additionally discussed Dwight Howard building up his parkway program. This permitted the parkways to be constructed directly In the center of the mounds.Many paleologist have cleaned the zone encompassing Iacocca and Iacocca and have discovered extraordinary things, essential sources/curios for instance they discovered homes, and human penance destinations. Every one of these things simply show that it was an incredible turn of events and human progress. Hodges additionally talks about his own encounters with Iacocca. At the point when he drives to SST. Louis, he attempts to discover something that shows proof of how extraordinary of a spot it used to be and to check whether there was a commemoration site of the enormous hill there. He says that he was stunned to see that the specific spot were the large hill was found was the specific spot were the ewe East SST.Louis connect would have been built. He was shocked this was going on and when we made a few inquiries about it he discovered that whe n archeologists unearthed the parcel they didn't discover a hint of Big Mound, just the plants that were worked to have its spot in the nineteenth century. Subsequent to scanning for some time, Hodges found an extremely little, poor looking cobblestone dedication an a large portion of a square down Broadway from Mound Street, with a missing plaque and grass developing between the stones. At the point when Glen was there, there was a man showering weed executioner, at the same time, e wasn't from the city.Just someone else who hates to his history go down the channel. In the wake of perusing this article, I currently totally concur with Glen Hodges. I should concede that I was one of the individuals who had never known about this spot, and it stunned me that it was in SST. Louis, a spot that I have been commonly. I don't think Its correct that the administration is permitting America to construct expressways and organizations on such a holsters milestone. I loathe that America Is doi ng nothing to Iacocca significantly increasingly then they are at the present time.

Five Forces model, Ryanair free essay sample

Ryanair profiting by enormous economies of scale and have greatly diminished since quite a while ago run normal expenses. They have hit manages Boeing and Airbus at scaled down costs (1/third of recorded cost) on 737 airplane in mass purchasing subsequently new contestants to the market won't get these discounted costs as they don't hold a comparable relationship and they won't have the option to arrange in mass. Ryanair have hit manages numerous nearby air terminals over flight ways and broadcast appointment, Ryanair in this manner aren’t accused of air traffic time, however consequently, guarantee these neighborhood air terminals a set measure of travelers to enter that air terminal every year, which prompts travelers going through cash in these air terminals. These arrangements have seen Ryanair further decrease costs, just as confine appropriate air traffic opening accessibility to the air terminal as there are constrained courses. Ryanair works in 180 air terminals more than 29 nations, flying 1,611 courses with over 1,500daily flights while effectively surpassing contenders and expanding obstructions to passage. We will compose a custom paper test on Five Forces model, Ryanair or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Expanding worldwide fuel costs won't hit Ryanair’s benefits as their expenses somewhere else are the most minimal in the flying business. Because of these low expenses, Ryanair have had the option to charge the most reduced normal reasonable of any low bearer aircraft in the UK, further expanding obstructions to section as new firms won't set those costs seen beneath. Notwithstanding Ryanair recording 18% benefits on capital return, in a truly beneficial industry, danger of section is still low because of misused economies of scale and extremely low since quite a while ago run normal costs that Ryanair have diminished after some time. Low risk of substitute items or administrations Fundamental substitutes are Trains/Busses/Ferries Eurostar ticket ranges from ? 50-? 180 single ticket in this way progressively costly and takes longer. Organizations, for example, Eurolines have less expensive rates than Ryanair, yet not as agreeable and additional tedious to get to goal. Ships again will in general be a comparable cost to Ryanair’s flights yet again they are additional tedious and are along these lines not seen as a solid substitute. These dangers are feeble right now, anyway this could change given expanding worldwide ecological mindfulness later on prompting less travelers going on planes. Additionally CUSTOMER DISSATISFACTION WITH RYANAIR MAY LEAD TO ALTERNATIVES. Be that as it may, given Ryanair’s capacity to lessen costs and keep up the freshest and most proficient armada, the danger of substitute items is low. Bartering intensity of clients (purchasers) Customer fulfillment with Ryanair is low and this could see it lose quite a bit of its image dedication later on. The bartering intensity of clients is in this manner high given the elective minimal effort carriers and substitutes to flying and these purchasers could drive down costs by exchanging their inclinations from Ryanair. Be that as it may, Ryanair consider this to be a chance and have begun to exploit this having encountered developing incomes and working benefits since the downturn. Ryanair have begun to actualize arrangements, for example, more amiable sites and less fines for overweight stuff. This should begin to prevail upon travelers from progressively costlier aircrafts, without Ryanair changing their over the top cost cutting plan of action excessively. Ryanair need to target web based life just as increment promoting to begin winning clients once again with brand dependability in any case the propensity forâ customers to leave with any adjustment in cost over passages or awful client care will be a lot higher. Haggling intensity of providers There are just 2 makers Boeing and Airbus-Market for creation of planes is a duopoly in this way the bartering intensity of providers is exceptionally high. This implies these organizations have been charging exceptionally significant expenses for their planes to all aircraft organizations. Boeing offers just 737 models to Ryanair, further expanding its bartering control over Ryanair as no other organization makes the 737. Notwithstanding this high haggling power, Ryanair have abstained from addressing premium costs for Boeing 737s for 2 fundamental reasons: 1. Ryanair is Boeing’s quickest developing client having as of late increased 20% of EU piece of the overall industry, in this way a difference in inclination towards Airbus or an elective airplane maker would prompt a fast fall underway of planes as request would decay 2. Ryanair purchased the main part of its armada in 2005 where request was at a record low post 9-11 and the Gulf War in 2003. It is accepted that Ryanair paid 1/third of recorded value given the low interest and thusly shows that Boeing might not have the bartering control over Ryanair that you would expect in a duopoly Furthermore, the announced development of an airplane maker in China could undermine expenses of Airbus and Boeing, diminishing their dealing powers further. Low Intensity rivalry Ryanair’s cost cutting plan of action seen above lessens rivalry in the accompanying manners: 1. Encountering tremendous economies of scale has diminished risk of section and helped them increase 20% of EU piece of the pie making it effectively the biggest minimal effort aircraft organization in the EU 2. This has permitted them to diminish the cost of the normal reasonable altogether as appeared in the table above, further expanding their client base and along these lines the market. 3. Plans for the future remembering purchasing 175 more for the following 5 years. Ryanair as of now has the biggest and the most up to date armada (4 years) along these lines making the planes more practical and further expanding their upper hand thus, Ryanair is presently the top Airline in Spain, Italy, Poland and Ireland. Despite the fact that Ryanair may lose a portion of their upper hand through absence of promoting, their economies of scale joined with their ever-extending armada and number of flight ways implies that there is a low force of rivalry.

Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in e-commerce - Free Essay Example

ABSTRACT This study investigates the important attributes of online web stores in e-commerce by examining the possible website elements that determine different aspects of the association between customers satisfaction and e-commerce website attributes. A questionnaire consisting of 24 items was completed by 60 respondents. The instrument for this study was developed on the basis of SERVQUAL using a 5 point Likert scale. There were five independent variables used in the study out of which two were included as a result of stepwise multiple regression model which are: websResponse (accounting for 26.3% of the total variance); and webCustomization (accounting for 5.1% of the total variance). Results of a stepwise regression indicated that two website attributes significantly predict customer satisfaction (31.4% of the combined explained variance). Within the five website attributes in E-commerce website dimension, website response correlated highly with customer satisfaction (26.3% of the explained variance). The results of the study indicate that the two website attributes of e-commerce (website response and website customization) impact the customers satisfaction and other three do not have a significant influence. The study concludes with related implications and design guidelines to enhancing customer satisfaction of e-commerce. Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in E-commerce SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION The Internet is no longer a niche technology it is mass media and an utterly integral part of modern life. As our lives become more fractured and cluttered, it isnt surprising that consumers turn to the unrivalled convenience of the Internet when it comes to searching and buying product. 1.1 INTROduction to E-COMMERCE The rise of the WWW gives birth to new phenomena in our daily lives, one of which is e-commerce. The internet has played a vital and important part to encourage selling products and services online which makes life convenient for the audiences, which in an inter-connected world, is well, the whole world. E-Commerce is a subset of an overall e-business strategy consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet. E-commerce seeks to add revenue streams using the World Wide Web or the Internet to build and enhance relationships with clients and partners and to improve efficiency. E-commerce has given rise to the concept of completely online shops selling products and services, efficiently catalogued and available for the shoppers convenience. There are several websites that stock everything from lifestyle items, collectibles, books, electronic appliances etc. The level of e-commerce use can be measured by using an e-commerce capability indicator. E-commerce capability indicator by Molla Licker: No e-commerce indicates a company without e-mail or an Internet connection. Connected e-commerce represents a company that has an Internet connection and e-mail. Informational e-commerce indicates a company using a Web site to publish basic information about the company and its products/services in a static manner. Interactive e-commerce refers to the ability of users to search the companys product catalogue, make queries, and enter orders. Transactional e-commerce allows online selling and purchasing of products or services including online payment and customer service. E-business applications can be divided into three categories. First is an internal business system in which customer relationship management (CRM), Enterprise resource planning (ERP), and Human Resource management (HRM) type of systems are involved. Second is enterprise communication and collaboration such as content management system (CMS), business process management (BPM) and web conferencing etc. Third is e-commerce that includes Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce and Business-to-customer (B2C) e-commerce. Online shopping comes under this category on which this study is conducted. Several e-commerce service providers are available on web that provides professional customized web designing services that suit their clients needs. Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following: Online Shopping (Web Shop) Online Banking Online Marketing CRM etc 1.1.1 Online Shopping Online shopping is the process consumers go through to purchase products or services over the services over the web. Online shopping is a type of business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. The term web shop also refers to a place of business where web development, web hosting and other types of web related activities take place (Web refers to the World Wide Web and shop has a idiomatic meaning used to describe the place). 1.2 service quality The level of service received on a web site. Dependent on reliability, responsiveness and availability of staff and the web site service. Service quality is comprised of five dimensions. These are: Tangibles: appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, and written materials (Zeithaml, Bitner Gremler, 2006). Reliability: ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Assurance: employees knowledge and courtesy and their ability to inspire trust and confidence. Responsiveness: willingness to help customers and provide prompt service. Empathy: caring, individualized attention given to customers. 1.2.1 Service quality dimensions in e-commerce systems Lets examine how customers judge the five dimensions of service quality in perspective of e-commerce systems. Tangibles refer to the physical appearance of an e-commerce website, its structure, layout, theme etc and referred as website structure. Reliability represented as website adequacy which provides the relevant and needed information provided by an e-commerce system when customer clicked or requested for. Assurance termed as website security refers as the trustworthy service provider that could include a well reputable website, reliable payments methods etc. Responsiveness is the prompt and relevant response to the specific request of users described by website response. Empathy knows internal customers as individual; understanding individual needs and concerns such as by providing recommendations that matches the customers needs which is termed as website customization in world of web. 1.2.2 service quality framework (SERVQUAL) SERVQUAL was originally measured on 10 aspects of service quality: reliability, responsiveness, competence, access, courtesy, communication, credibility, security, understanding or knowing the customer and tangibles. By the early nineties the authors had refined the model to the useful acronym RATER. Reliability Assurance Tangibles Empathy, and Responsiveness SERVQUAL has its detractors and is considered overly complex, subjective and statistically unreliable. The simplified RATER model however is a simple and useful model for qualitatively exploring and assessing customers service experiences and has been used widely by service delivery organizations. 1.2.3 customer satisfaction Customer satisfaction refers to the extent to which customers are happy with the products and services provided by a business. Customer satisfaction levels can be measured using survey techniques and questionnaires. Gaining high levels of customer satisfaction is very important to a business because satisfied customers are most likely to be loyal and to make repeated orders and to use a wide range of services offered by a business. The basic definition of customer satisfaction says that Customer satisfaction is a term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is an abstract concept and the actual manifestation of the state of satisfaction will vary from person to person and product/service to product or service. The level of satisfaction can also vary depending on other options the customer may have and other products against which the customer can compare the organizations products or services. 1.3 Customer Satisfaction Based on Perceived service quality of e-commerce systems The overall satisfaction of e-commerce customers can be attained by providing the level of service quality that customers perceive in that system. The five dimensions of service quality are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The website structure of an e-commerce websites is all about the tangibility dimension. The reliability dimension in this study is measured by the attribute called website adequacy. The website response variable indicates the responsiveness dimension. Website security as another attribute of an e-commerce system refers to the assurance dimension and the empathy dimension described by the website customization The overall customer satisfaction is based on the five service quality dimensions representing various service attributes: tangibility, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. The detailed model used in this study is presented in figure A. The website design elements are characterized into five different types which are supposed to influence the five service quality dimensions. This study hypothesizes that some website attributes that are based on service quality dimensions has an impact on an online customer satisfaction. In other words, customers satisfaction level will increase if the e-commerce system provides a higher level of service quality through different website attributes. 1.4 Increased trend of Online surfing and shopping in Pakistan The trend of an online surfing is increasing rapidly due to the increased benefits by the use of e-commerce business environment. People visit e-commerce web sites not only for buying but for several other reasons and the smart retailer just should not only focus on boosting online browse-to-buy conversion rates, but should also try to grab the attention of an online visitors who came in for review so as they could become a customer later. Many people feel it comfortable to review the products through an extensive knowledge provided over the internet before actually buying a particular product. For this purpose, e-commerce website provides an interface to the buyers to write their reviews and share their after-purchase experiences. Thus, the e-commerce systems reduce the time and efforts required for the first step of information search in consumer decision making process. That is, by just few clicks a consumer can have a concise analysis for what matches his/her needs. There are some factors emerged as a results of the changes in lifestyle and habits of consumer which has promoted the trend of online searching and shopping in Pakistan. Some of these factors are lack of time, need of convenience and easy access to the desired object. Moreover, e-commerce websites facilitates the visitor in many ways to boost up online browse-to-buy conversion rate. Whenever a new customer lands on an e-commerce website, he/she must be having many questions in their minds regarding the products and services. A well-framed ecommerce site has an enquiry page for their customers. This gives the chance to the visitor to post an enquiry with your site. Main aim of this page is to gather all relevant and necessary information from the customers so that they can be given response in an apt manner. Within the past decade, e-commerce has matured and grown exponentially. The result: now there are many types of e-commerce payment methods available online. If your credit is bad and you cannot afford a merchant account, there are alternative methods of payments on e-commerce websites which can help you. The e-commerce systems give customers controlled access to the data they need. In other words, not only are you managing your relationship with your customers, you are giving your customers the tools to manage their relationship with you. THESIS STRUCTURE This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter 1 discusses the problem about which the research was carried out and in general about the trends of online shopping in Pakistan. Chapter 2 is about the literature review and the theoretical background is developed. In Chapter 3, researcher describes the methodology adopted including sources of information and data collection procedure is discussed. In chapter 4, the empirical data collected through questionnaire is analyzed and results are concluded on the basis of a survey. In Chapter 5, Conclusions are drawn and necessary recommendations are suggested. 1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Effects of website attributes on customer satisfaction in e-commerce. The main purpose of this research is to find out the different attributes which encourage consumers to visit, search and shop on a particular website. 1.6 OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study are as follows: To identify the most important website element of e-commerce with respect to the customer satisfaction. To examine what is important to the customer regarding website attributes in e-commerce with perspective of website builders. 1.6.1 Possible Research Findings The research will also provide the following significances. Help the organization to better understand what customers expect in e-commerce and how those expectations impact customer attitude. The study will examine what the customer views as major attributes of website in e-commerce. Able to investigate the major customer attitudes associated with website structure in e-commerce. The study will indicate the link between the website attributes and the customer attitudes. 1.7 HYPOTHESES H1: Website structure has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H2: Website adequacy has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H3: Website security has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H4: Website response has a significant association with customer satisfaction. H5: Website customization has a significant association with customer satisfaction. SECTION 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to e-commerce: The propagation of WWW has originated few facts in our daily lives, one of which is e-commerce. A transaction between two or more participants through an electronic medium is defines as e-commerce (Kalacota and Whinston 1997). As an e-commerce is rapidly raising field, therefore for accomplishing success in this market, a top quality information system is necessary (Margherio et al. 1998). An e-commerce system is designed by selectively integrating many technical (e.g. search system) or managerial (e.g. the level of information related to product) design elements (Lohse and Spiller 1998). It is still very difficult, if not impossible; to make use of all the design factors presently available for the e-commerce system although many design factors have been suggested to improve the overall quality of e-commerce system (Selz and Schubert 1997, Lohse and Spiller 1998). This is because of the recent arrival of new design factors resulted by an increase in the interest of Internet (Selz and Schubert 1997). The main goal of this paper is to explore important design elements that have significant influence on the customer satisfaction regarding the performance of e-commerce systems. In this paper, the study presents a conceptual model of e-commerce websites that includes concrete design elements, perceived level of website quality and the customer satisfaction (JINWOO KIM and JUNGWON LEE 2002). There is remarkable potential for e-commerce in developing countries. Online shopping makes it easy to find things, merchants and best offerings and thus economical in terms of time and effort offerings (Balasubramanian, 1997). According to the Malone et al (1989) communicating a same piece of information through communication networks results in decreased cost and improved speed. There is tremendous potential for e-commerce in developing countries because the use of an e-commerce can potentially reduce transaction costs. As per Malone et al (1989) observation, the search costs such as cost of identifying a market (from where to buy a product) and /or a product or service are likely to reduce with the use of e-commerce systems and can be defined as potential e-commerce cost savings. From an organizations perspective, e-commerce systems provide the organization with the better market reach and an ability to provide their customer a customized service that suits their individual needs and preferences. For example the exchange between richness and reach can be minimized by e-commerce (Evans Wurster, 2000). Richness refers to the quality and quantity of information in terms of accuracy, relevance, customization, etc. and reach measures the number of people who can be got in touch with that information. 2.2 Service quality dimensions: The overall customer satisfaction can be measured by the level of service quality of an e-commerce system that customer perceives. Some researchers (Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry 1988) stated that consumer satisfaction or dissatisfaction is as an ancestor of service quality. Conversely, modern evidence recommends that it is an outcome of service quality (Woodside, Frey and Daly 1989; Cronin and Taylor 1992). Service quality attributes are the most important factors for the success of an e-commerce systems For example Liu and Arnett (2000) found that organizations that involve in e-commerce can only ensure the success of their system by keenly looking for the ways to improve their service quality. The customers decision whether to continue using a particular e-commerce system is based on the perceived quality of service (Bhattacherjee 2001) as the service quality impacts the overall satisfaction of a customer. Tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy are the five dimensions of service quality. (Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1991, Pit et al. 1995). The tool that is being used in this study to measure the dimensions of service quality is SERVQUAL According to Brown et al. this instrument has been proved valid and reliable and hence used in various domains. (Brown et al.1993, Fisk et al. 1993, Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1993). On the basis of previous researches, service quality despite being a main interesting field in services marketing for the past two decades (Zeithaml et al., 2000); electronic service quality is still in its early stages in research area. Reil el al in 2001concluded that there has been no theoretical conceptualization emerged for customer evaluation of electronic services that could have been accepted generally. Cox and Dale (2001) has supported this conception by the fact that most out of the dominant research on service quality cannot even be valid to e-business environment. By the year 2002, the existing studies on the determinants of electronic service quality were based on measuring B2C interactions (Gilbert, 2000; Barnes and Vidgens 2000, 2001 and 2002) and few exploratory researches on website quality and e-service quality by Zeithaml et al. In early stages of service quality research, researcher were required to find out what is service quality from customers perspective (Sasser et al.,1979; Lehtinen and Lehtinen,1982; Gronroos,1982). It was normally approved that the judgment of service quality came from comparisons between what customers feel a service provider should offer (expectations) and the actual service performance of the company (perceptions) (Zeithaml et al., 2000). This view was reinforced by Parasuraman Zeithaml (2000) and Berry (1985) in their study of service quality in different service industries with which they discussed the concept of service quality as a function of expectations-perception gap. Parasuraman et als, identified the 10 dimensions that customer uses in their assessment of service quality. These 10 service quality dimensions then shaped the source for the development of a scale (SERVQUAL) to measure service quality in direct service interactions. Research extended in other context and as a result refined the scale and reduced it to 5 dimensions (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles) Since the SERVQUAL scale has been widely used to measure service quality in many studies across a range of settings (IS Departments; Airlines; Universities; Ocean Freight Shipping; Professional Services; Health Providers; International Markets; Purchasing; Advertising; Banking; E-commerce). Initially the concept of services were created to capture the nature of service encounters (Meuter et al., 2000) which may not be sufficient to capture the characteristics of customer interactions with self-service technologies such as e-services (Dabholkar et al.,1996). Later on, many approaches have been proposed to study online service. (Gilbert, 2000; Gronroos et al., 2000; Parasuraman and Grewel, 2000; Kaynama and Black, 2000; Zeithaml, et al., 2000; ONeill, et al., 2001) proposed the use of existing service theory as a first type. The second type utilizes generated new categories for self-service technologies such as e-services (Szymanski and Hise, 2000; van Riel, et al., 2001; Wang and Tang, 2001; Ruyter et al., 2001). Third type develops information systems and web quality theory (Barnes and Vidgen, 2000; 2001; 2002; Aladwani and Palvia, 2001). These researches have centered on customer interactions with a variety of self-service technologies such as automated call centre technology, ATMs and Web sites and touch screen technologies. A redefined SERVQUAL instrument to measure the service expectations and perceptions of customers of Internet businesses was used by Gilbert in 2000 in which he concluded that to measure online service quality, the altered SERVQUAL scale was a practical instrument. The features that are useful, accurate, relevant and comprehensive information reflect the reliability of quality information (Bailey and Pearson 1983). Bailey and Pearson (1983) also identified that website reliability depends on to what level the information provided on the website about the product or service is true, precise and also depend to what level a customer can rely on a particular website that it provides enough amount of information available regarding each product. (Luedi 1997) stated that website personalization based on the ability of website to deliver individualized interface for a specific user which generated dynamically as per users needs. This may involve making purchase recommendations and /or providing the list of other relevant products that matchs the customer needs. This can be extracted through the previous data available regarding an individual user such as buying behavior, cart items and the current session contents. Providing customized services is the best way to create a loyal customer and make repeat visits on a website Luedi (1997). The concern over security continues to plague the online world. Variables like perceived security, reputation were included in this study to examine the customer attitude towards buying process. Even though the understanding of credit card transactions perceived secure like a waiters and waitresses, still security is the top concern of people who shop online (Salisbury et at. 2001, Luo 2002. Wilson and Abel 2002). Likewise security is the reason why people do not shop online (Luo 2002). The research variable of Security reflects trust in the online system and the variable reputation reflects trust in the specific vendor. Discovering whether vendors receive repeat business reflects the overall buying attitude of consumers. Overall customer satisfaction at online shopping measures which attributes helps the website meets expectations. 2.3 Website elements: The first phase of consumer decision making process that is the information search starts the minute customers look at the interface of e-commerce website and ends until they decide whether to place the purchase order or not (Schmid 1995). The role of website structure remains important during the phase of information search process such as site maps, navigation, content settings and layout of website etc. The content, structure and website elements should be portrayed explicitly on the e-commerce interface. Website structure that includes the presentation of design elements determines how the information is actually displayed on the screen to acquire the customer attention (Morris and Hinrich 1996). Convenient website structure defined as to what extent a customer feels that the e-commerce website is user friendly, simple and instinctive. (Ki-Han and Shin, 2008) Website adequacy describes the quality and quantity of the information provided in the e-commerce system. Content based on usefulness and comprehensiveness involves the type and scope of information to be included in the system (Morris and Hinrich 1996, Kim et al 1997). After the collection of appropriate information regarding the identified products or services, the contents must be placed in a well organized manner so that the customer can understand the interface easily (Gronroos 1982, Rosenfeld and Morville 1998). A well-defined and properly placed content is a feature of website which indicates the ability to made information easily available to visitors (Ki-Han and Shin, 2008). When adequate and reliable information has been properly dispersed across different web pages within the structure of the e-commerce website, an efficient interaction system must be provided to enable the customer to switch between different pages easily (Kim and Yoo 2000, Park and Kim 2000). Ballantine (2005) has found the impact of interactivity and product related information on customer satisfaction in an online trade setting. He argued in his study that the amount of product-related information affected consumer satisfaction of online shopping. An important design element that relates to the interaction system includes the involvement of website response and website customization ability. Website Customization is referred as the extent to which an e-commerce website can identify a customer and then modify the choice of products and shopping experience for that customer (Srinivasan et al., 2002). Cook and Coupey (2001) in their research argued that the improved accessibility of information on internet is likely to result in informed customers. And educated customers are able to make better quality decisions and will then experience more satisfaction with the visits and purchases they make. The connection between all of the five individual variables describes the basic architecture of web pages (Steinmetz and Nahrsted, 1995). The overall satisfaction of e-commerce customers can be attained by providing the level of service quality that customers perceive in that system. Satisfied customers have more potential to spread positive word-of-mouth (Gremler and Brown, 1999), and they avail further services (Zeithaml et al., 1996). The five dimensions of service quality are tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy (Parasuraman et al. 1985, 1991, Pit et al. 1995). Attributes related to the website structure such as physical appearance of e-commerce websites are represented by tangibility dimension. For example, the tangibility measures the appeal of the website design of e-commerce system presents to their customers. The ability of the website to provide the dependable, accurate service is represented by reliability dimension. (Pit et al. 1995). For example, the reliability dimension measures how often an e-commerce system provides useful and comprehensive information regarding the relevant products or services. The responsiveness dimension indicates how prepared the website is to promptly response the customer with the clicked option. (Parasuraman et al. 1991). For example, the responsiveness dimension measures how often an ecommerce system voluntarily provides services that are important to its customers such as less loading time. Or it can be measured by how often a website provides accurate and rich information after a user clicked a particular product. The trust and confidence encouraged in the customer by the information provided on e-commerce system refers to the assurance dimension (Parasuraman et al. 1991). For example, the assurance dimension can be measured by extent to which a website is able to give a secure feeling to an online buyer. The empathy dimension described as the individual attention to the customer that is being provided by the dynamic e-commerce website (Pit et al. 1995). For example this dimension measures how often an ecommerce system voluntarily offers recommendations that match to its customers needs in order to provide the individual customers benefit. In summary, the overall quality of an e-commerce system can be measured by the service quality level perceived by its customers and ultimately leads to the customer satisfaction (JINWOO KIM and JUNGWON LEE, 2002). Parasuraman, Zeithaml et al. (1988, 1991) in study on SERVQUAL found that the interactive elements of e-commerce systems are e-business features that help in building relationships with customer and are fall into five main sets that are tangibles, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy. Due to the consistency of research findings stated in literature, it become easy to propose that the five main determinants of e-commerce include website structure, website adequacy, website security, website response and website customization (D. HORN, R. FEINBERG and G. SALVENDY, 2005). In an e-business structure, the customer interaction with the business is through the e-commerce website. Therefore, several original SERVQUAL items were modified to focus on e-commerce website. The definition of an empathy dimension was extended to include personalization or customization, which is the concept of web gurus as they believe the emotional connection between customer and web business (Peppers et al. 1999). The overall appearance and structure of e-commerce website shows its tangibility. The performance of promised services and adequacy of information explains the reliability of an e-commerce website. Responsiveness is the ability of e-commerce system to help and provide prompt response to the website user. The individualized attention and customized service provided by the e-commerce system to an individual customer is described as empathy. Security is the trust on an e-commerce system in protecting personal and financial information (D. HORN, R. FEINBERG and G. SALVENDY, 2005). The major factors that impact the customer attitude are the five main attributes of e-commerce system. The model in Figure 1 describes how these attributes of e-commerce system work together to achieve customer satisfaction. The satisfaction/dissatisfaction of customer is defined as an emotional response to a specific consumption experience (Swan and Oliver 1989). It is determined by to what extent a consumer perceives that the service fulfills his/her needs, wants or desires. Satisfaction is a state inconsistent in that a consumer can be very dissatisfied or very satisfied (Tse, Nicosia and Wilton 1990). SECTION 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Survey: 3.1.1 SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION: According to experts, the best approach and way of building an e-commerce site is by using services of website development providers. A professional team of web developers would take care and work for your ecommerce designing project and give regular feedback about the proceedings therefore for conducting this research, professionals from web development area was selected from five different firms. A survey was conducted by going to the software organizations that are involved in business of web development. Out of the five selected firms, few were chosen from the list of organizations registered on PASHA website and few were preferred on the authentic source of information about the adequate web development experience of these firms. The respondents were web developers, web architects and project managers, 3.1.2 QUESTIONNAIRE The instrument comprised of 24 structured questions was used to collect data (primary) from the targeted respondents. Majority of the questions were anchored using a 5 point Likert scale where 1 means Strongly Disagree and 5 means Strongly Agree and some used a rating scale as 1-for Low impact, 5- for High impact Customer satisfaction items from five SERQUAL dimensions: tangibility, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and empathy are included in this instrument. 3.2 Sample: There are total 1082 IT firms in Pakistan which are doing web development activities as part of their businesses. Out of which 384 are in Karachi. These statistics has been collected from the website of PASHA. On the basis of above information, five companies were selected as a sample in this study, and around ten respondents from each company were requested to fill up the survey form. As a result, total 60 responses were collected, which were divided in gender distribution. Males accounted for 83% of the respondents, and 17% were females. Besides the web development experience, all of the respondents have reasonable web browsing and online buying experience. The majority of the respondents used to purchase items on the web. Of the 60 completed subjects, two interviews were disregarded because of missing responses. Thus, the study used data from the remaining 58 subjects (96.6% of the original sample). This is actually a multi-cluster sampling technique that was adopted as selecting five companies as five clusters and then ten to fifteen respondents from each company. 3.3 METHOD: Analysis and testing of the hypothesis in this research is done on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics 17.0) throughout. Before going into the process of actual testing of hypothesis, it was required to check the reliability of data that has been collected to draw the results. In reliability test, we check the internal consistency of a set of variables in what it is intended to measure. In this study, a principle of testing is based on the measurement of Cronbach Alpha. The high value of the Cronbach alpha coefficients in Table 1 indicates that the website attributes measures are reliable enough to proceed to further analysis. Table 1: Test of Reliability Reliability Statistics Cronbachs Alpha N of Items .700 24 There are several attributes defining each independent variable in a questionnaire. Each independent variable was measured by computing an average of all attributes related to the particular variable and thus resulting in five new computed independent variables. Similarly, the dependent variable satisfaction was also computed by an average of all customer satisfaction attributes in a data set. The second step was to apply the log on these five independent variables which resulted in a set of again five new variables that behaved as final independent variables to be used in a regression model. This step was required to ensure the linearity of independent variables. Same was done with the dependent variable. Since all of the hypotheses are related to association questions, therefore further analysis is done be the use of Linear Regression statistical technique. Using stepwise regression, the study was further investigated by examining the Multiple Regression Model between the dependent variable that is the customer satisfaction termed as satisfaction in testing process and the five independent variables termed as webStructure, webAdequacy, webSecurity, webResponse and webCustomization. SECTION 4: DATA ANALYSIS 4.1 ResultS: Table 2: Test of Regression Variables Entered/Removeda Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 webResponse . Stepwise (Criteria: F-to-enter = 3.840, F-to-remove = 2.710). 2 webCustomization . Stepwise (Criteria: F-to-enter = 3.840, F-to-remove = 2.710). a. Dependent Variable: satisfaction Only two variable webResponse and webCustomization out of five independent variables are added to the model as a result of stepwise linear regression test. In step-1, webResponse and in step-2 webCustomization was added as shown in Table 2. Table 3: Test of Regression Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Change Statistics R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Sig. F Change 1 .513a .263 .249 .13556 .263 19.949 1 56 .000 2 .560b .314 .289 .13197 .051 4.094 1 55 .048 a. Predictors: (Constant), webResponse b. Predictors: (Constant), webResponse, webCustomization In general, the value of R can range from -1 to +1 with +1 indicating perfect positive relationship, 0 indicating no relationship and -1 indicating perfect reverse relationship. Therefore, as per the values of R in Table 3, both selected variables shows positive relationship with satisfaction. Moreover, according to the Table 3, values are R=0.513 and R=0.560 for webResponse and webCustomization respectively. Keeping in mind the highest value of R, this relationship is neither weak nor quite strong. From the values of R square in Table 3, the combined variance explained by both variables is 31.4% out of which 26.3% variance of satisfaction is explained individually by webResponse and only 5.1% variance in satisfaction explained by webCustomization. Rest of the 68.6% unknown variance is due to other factors. This is a very less percentage of explained variance so the model is not a very good model. Table 4: Test of Regression Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. Correlations Collinearity Statistics B Std. Error Beta Zero-order Partial Part Tolerance VIF 1 (Constant) .511 .172 2.973 .004 webResponse .575 .129 .513 4.466 .000 .513 .513 .513 1.000 1.000 2 (Constant) .441 .171 2.578 .013 webResponse .461 .137 .411 3.359 .001 .513 .413 .375 .833 1.201 webCustomization .180 .089 .248 2.023 .048 .416 .263 .226 .833 1.201 a. Dependent Variable: satisfaction The following regression model is derived from Table 4: Satisfaction = -0.441 + 0.461 webResponse + 0.180 webCustomization The Tolerance shown is 0.833 in Table 4 which is quite close to 1 which indicates minimal collinearity among independent variables. This means that the selected two independent variables are not highly correlated with each other which is generally considered as a positive sign for a good model, though the model is not very strong in terms of the variance explained by independent variables. Table 5: Test of Regression Excluded Variablesc Model Beta In t Sig. Partial Correlation Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF Minimum Tolerance 1 webStructure .056a .472 .639 .063 .963 1.039 .963 webAdequacy .081a .688 .494 .092 .951 1.051 .951 webSecurity .176a 1.548 .127 .204 .999 1.001 .999 webCustomization .248a 2.023 .048 .263 .833 1.201 .833 2 webStructure .024b .203 .840 .028 .944 1.060 .816 webAdequacy .074b .638 .526 .087 .950 1.052 .803 webSecurity .141b 1.246 .218 .167 .969 1.032 .808 a. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), webResponse b. Predictors in the Model: (Constant), webResponse, webCustomization c. Dependent Variable: satisfaction The step 2 results indicate the final rejected variables in Table 5 which shows that two variables are selected and 3 are rejected. The key to accept and reject the hypotheses is the value of significance. If sig. value is less than 0.05 we reject H0 and accept the hypothesis otherwise we accept Ho. On the basis of Sig. values belong to each of the three variables shown in step 2 of Table 5; three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) have been rejected while two hypotheses (H4 and H5) stand not accepted. SECTION 5: CONCLUSION 5.1 DISCUSSION: After visiting five web development companies in Karachi and getting 60 questionnaires filled to determine the important website elements of e-commerce that influence customer to visit and shop from e-commerce websites. For this research work, many of the website attributes were taken based on five SERQUAL dimensions. These attributes were re-labeled to more comprehensively cater for the uniqueness of e-commerce websites. Then, the information about all these variables was collected through a questionnaire, which consists of structured questions using a 5 point Likert scale. Based on the Cronbach Alphas value 0.700 in Table 1, the date set has been considered reliable for the further testing an processing. Then the Multiple Regression Model was applied on the data set to check the significance level of all the selected variables, it was found that two variables webResponse and webCustomization has a significant association with customer satisfaction. Hypotheses have been tested on the basis of Table 5 which shows that two variables are selected and 3 are rejected. Therefore two hypotheses (H4 and H5) stand out accepted while three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3) have been rejected. The result of study shows the weak relationship among the selected hypotheses as well. The value of R square can vary between 0 and 1. Higher value of R square implies the greater explanatory power and better predict the dependent variable. The value of R square for both independent variables in Table 3 implies positive but weak association. Finally, the results of the study have shown a positive response from customers in terms of satisfaction only with the responsiveness and empathy dimensions of service quality. During the study, it was found that respondents believed that the other three website attributes are not appealing with the perspective of customer satisfaction. Although these attributes are important service quality dimensions which leads to the customers satisfaction and are essential part of e-commerce websites. Therefore, it can be stated that a large sample of data might have drawn some other results. 5.2 implications: The identification of major website attributes in e-commerce provides a solid structure to guide further e-commerce research. By understanding that customers view website response and website customization as two main components of website in e-commerce systems, researchers as well as website builders are better able to develop e-commerce websites. The connection between these relationship attributes of e-commerce and customer satisfaction that was shown in this study implies the importance of including relational type characteristics in customer-e-commerce interaction research. A major contribution of this research is that it defines areas on which web development professionals need to focus in design and development of an e-commerce system in order to get their customers satisfied with the service quality of the system and develop more successful e-commerce systems. Insight to what the customer expects from an interaction with an e-commerce website assist designer/developers/architects to better understand how to facilitate customer relationships through the development of proficient e-commerce website. By developing features to meet and exceed customer expectations, the e-commerce enhances both customer satisfaction and customer relationships. 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Gender Inequality For Women s Sports - 982 Words

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Interview Of Interview Jen Flemming - 979 Words

I chose to interview Jen Flemming. She is a teacher, mentor, mother, wife, and a leader. I first met Jen when she adopted my little sister. My mother was having a hard time and she needed some help, she could not have hand picked a better person to fill her shoes. Jen was a leader then when she took my sister as her own, and she is also a leader in her career. She is a second grade teacher at Calvin Coolidge Elementary School. I remember when I told her that I was changing my major to Elementary Education. She was very excited and eager to help me along the way. She offered me advice, a listening ear, and helped me find a placement for me pre-practicum. I only wish I had been able to be in her classroom for it! Jen is someone who is always positive, always there to listen, and the first to offer support. I knew that there would be so much I could learn from her. For my research portion I wanted to look at the role of mentoring in developing leadership skills. Jen spoke highly both of having a mentor and being a mentor, so it is something I would like to look into further. I also would like to find a way to utilizing what I am learning not only for myself, but to also be able to implement it into my classroom for my students. I am very interested in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM), and about learning how to encourage my students, especially the female, into fostering an interest in these fields. I looked at an article titled â€Å"Learning by Leading: using best

Impairment Loss For Cgu’s Excluding Goodwill †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impairment Loss For Cgus Excluding Goodwill. Answer: Impairment Loss For Cgus Excluding Goodwill Impairment Australian Accounting Standard 136 has defined the impairment as the excess of the amount of the carrying amount of an asset over the amount which is recoverable from the asset at that point of time (AASB 136, 2011). Carrying Amount The value at which the asset is recorded in the books of accounts is known as the carrying amount. Carrying amount is nothing but the book value of an asset which is derived after deducting the depreciation from the cost of the asset. Recoverable Amount InternationalAccounting standard 36 has defined the recoverable amount as the higher of value in use or net selling price (IAS 36, 2014). Value in use is the present value of cash inflows likely to be generated in the future years. These are discounted at the rate equivalent to either the internal rate of return of the company or the cost of capital. Net Selling price is equivalent to the difference between the selling price of an asset and cost of disposing of the asset. Cash Generating Units As per the Australian Accounting Standard 136, cash generating units have been defined as the cluster of asset which is very small and which is easily identifiable and relatable to the particular class of the assets. It has been also defined that the cash flows of one group of assets will be independent of the other cluster. The concept has been introduced because of the fact that some of the assets were not able to provide the economic benefits in terms of the cash flows on their own. Therefore, this small group of assets or the cluster of assets has been made (IAS 36, 2014). Impairment Loss for CGUs excluding Goodwill: Impairment loss is charged to the profit and loss account and is deducted from the value of the asset as shown in the balance sheet. In case there is the situation that the goodwill as shown in the books of the company is not able to allocate on reasonable basis then the following circumstances will follow (Carlin, 2009; Zucca, 2012): Non allocation of Goodwill and company assets Allocation of goodwill only Allocation of company assets only Allocation of few assets of the company. The loss on impairment shall be calculated without including the goodwill in the following manner: At first the cash generating units will be found Then it is ascertained as to which specific asset they belong. Then the cash flows that the each of the cash generating unit will generate will be identified and calculated with reasonable terms (Wines, 2009) Applying the discount rate as mentioned in the company details and the value in use is identified as equivalent to the present value of cash inflows. Calculating the amount which can be recovered from the asset as defined as the net selling price. Calculating the amount recoverable as higher of value shown in (d) or (e) Then the carrying amount will be identified for only of the cash generating units Identifying and calculating the loss on impairment as the difference between the value shown in step (g) and step (f) Revised carrying amount is calculated by deducting the impairment loss from the carrying amount. The huge cash generating unit and calculate its recoverable amount. Finally calculating the carrying amount of this huge cash generating unit and calculating the impairment loss accordingly (Ghazaleh, 2011). Then the amount of the loss on impairment so calculated will at first allocated to the goodwill and then to the assets of the company. References Abu Ghazaleh, C., 2011.Accounting discretion in goodwill impairments: UK evidence.Journal of International Financial Management Accounting,22(3), pp.165-204. AASB 136, (2011), Impairment of Assets, available on https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB136_07-04_COMPjun09_01-10.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017. Carlin, T.M.., 2009. Discount rates in disarray: Evidence on flawed goodwill impairment testing.Australian Accounting Review,19(4), pp.326-336. IAS 36, (2014), Impairment of Assets available on https://www.iasplus.com/en/standards/ias/ias36 accessed on 16/09/2017. Wines, G.., 2007. Implications of the IFRS goodwill accounting treatment.Managerial Auditing Journal,22(9), pp.862-880. Zucca, L.J., 2012. A closer look at discretionary writedowns of impaired assets.Accounting horizons,6(3), p.30.